Question
How can it multiplex four controllers onto two controller ports? Would it be possible to extend it further with three devices?
Answer
This link may help you sort out some of the details. If I understand the specification correctly, the two joypads connect to the NES through a form of serial communication. The controller sends a synchronized 8-Bits across the #7 pin connector.
The value of the button that is mashed is encoded within 8 bits that is communicated a synchronized with a clocked signal sent across the #2 pin.
When the four score is connected, the four score sends a 24-bit stream across both controller #7 pin channels. The first bytes on each line correspond with controllers 1 & 2's buttons. The second byte across both lines corresponds to controllers 3 & 4 and the last byte is an "ID" byte which I'm not entirely sure was used for.
Check more discussion of this question.
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